In the light dependent reactions light energy is absorbed by the photosytem II and an electron is released. This electron causes a process called photolysis to occur(H20-->2H++2e-+1/2O2). This is how O2 is released in the atmosphere. The electrons resulted from photolyisis enter the electron transport chain. In the electron transport chain using the energy in the elecrtons, hydrogen protons are pumped inside the thylakoid. Those protons accumulate to form an electrochemical gradient. That means the protons need to flow out, and they do through an enzyme called ATP-synthase which turns ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP and water. In the electron transport chain, the electrons reach Photosystem I where NADP+ is reduced and becomes NADPH.
ATP and NADPH store the energy absorbed in the light dependent reactions. Those two molecules are needed when CO2 is fixated in Calvin's cycle to synthesize glucose.
It depends on which virus you are referring to specifically. Viruses come in many shapes and types; their variations are tremendous.
For HIV and Influenza, viruses acquire their envelops after maturation, during the budding off or detachment stage from the host cell.
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The digestion of protein begins at mouth and it continues at stomach and small intestine.
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The golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles inside of the cell before sending them to their destinations. ... The secretory activities of the cell would also cease to occur. Also, if there is no golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane would be affected because it needs to be able to grow larger for cell division.
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