Question

providing examples explain how sexual reproduction in plants has evolved to become less dependent on water

Answer 1

The Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are groups of plants with seed, which means that they don’ t necessary acquire water for fertilization. These groups have made adaptations for sexual reproduction on dry land.

1) Gymnosperms (plants with the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary) have developed over the course of its evolution, structures that solved the main limitations present in the Pteridophytes in relation to sexual reproduction, in the terrestrial environment. The main changes that happened as an evolutionary adaptation to dry land are those on the seeds and pollen. The advantages of the seeds are: the storage tissue which sustains growth and a protective coat of the seeds. Seed is enveloped with the layers of hardened tissue which prevents desiccation. This is what frees reproduction from the need for a constant supply of water. The sperm (male gamete) of gymnosperms is enclosed in a pollen grain. Thi structure is protected from desiccation and can reach the female organs without dependence on water. Gymnosperms also developed structures called cupules to enclose and protect the ovule (the female gametophyte) which will develop into a seed upon fertilization.

 

2) Angiosperms are a group of plants which protect their seeds within an ovary called a fruit. Angiosperms have special evolutionary adaptations. For example, they produce their gametes in separate organs, usually in a flower, so the fertilization and embryo development takes place inside an anatomical structure. That provides a stable system of sexual reproduction largely sheltered from environmental fluctuations like water need.

Answer 2

1) Gymnosperms have developed over the course of its evolution, structures that solved the main limitations present in the Pteridophytes in relation to sexual reproduction, in the terrestrial environment.

2) The organisms that have adapted fully to the terrestrial environment feature adaptations in the body to retain water, thus avoiding dehydration.

3) about Pteridophytes:Vascular tissue: water and minerals and organic
 material.
Vascular tissue: increasing efficiency in the transport of water and mineral salts with increased plant growth.Dependence on water for fertilization with anterozoides furniture.

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