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John Adams is the second US president.
Every community has different concerns. With this in mind, here is a list of possible topics you could address:
1) Littering/trash in public places
2) Funding for education
3) Safety issues (need for more police, better street lights, potholes on roads, etc).
Here are some ways you can effectively communicate with government officials:
1) Send a letter to their office.
2) Try to set up an interview with the person to express your concern.
3) Call your representative to voice your concern with their office.
You could use statistics, news stories, or pictures of the problem in order to convince people to join your cause. Creating a petition, organizing a rally, or protesting peacefully are all ways you can help invoke change.
Problems associated with the "urban machine" were that they were undemocratic and were corrupt. They moved the political system to allow candidates to win based upon vote-buying, coercion, and other corrupt methods. They were therefore effective or ineffective depending on the relationship you had with the machine and also whether or not you wanted to see a democratic system or not.
Well the Declaration of Independence was signed 1776, so the US had just formed a new nation. Therefore there were challenge that came with forming a new nation - creating a government. They first had the Articles of Confederation but that didn't give the central government enough power, so they drafted the Constitution, which gave more power to the federal government. Some people opposed the Constitution (Anti-federalists). So in the late 1700's political factions also formed with the birth of a new nation.
