-simple carbohydrates linked together (sugar molecules)
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Answer:paracrine
Explanation:glands are specialized tissues that secrete specific chemicals substances.these substances may be enzymes,hormones or lubricating fluid.glands secretes their their products through several mechanisms.some involve the use of ducts ,while others do not.
In paracrine secretion,the secretory products reach their target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space or adjacent connective tissue.
Paracrine secretion do not use ducts.
Similar to paracrine is the endocrine ,in which the secretory products goes through the basal lamina ,into the underlying connective tissue and into the vascular syatem.they too do not use ducts
An alternation of generations for plants include a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
What cells are you talking about?