Answer:
Constitutive activation is the alteration of a protein or signaling pathway such that it is functional or engaged even in the absence of an upstream activating event. For example, RasD is constitutively active because it cannot bind GAP and therefore remains in the GTP-bound, active state even when cells are not stimulated by growth factor to activate a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Constitutively active Ras is cancer promoting because cells will proliferate in the absence of growth factors, and thus normal regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are bypassed.
(a) A mutation that resulted in Smad3 binding Smad4, entering the nucleus, and activating transcription independent of phosphorylation by the TGFβ receptor would render Smad3 constitutively active.
(b) A mutation that made MAPK active as a kinase and able to enter the nucleus without being phosphorylated by MEK would render MAPK constitutively active.
(c) A mutation that prevented NF-KB from binding to IK-B or that allowed NF-KB to enter the nucleus and regulate transcription even when bound to IK-B would render NF-KB constitutively active.
Answer:
All living things have a nucleus.
Explanation:
Molecular methods for the detection of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) gained increasing attention because it has
helped in the effective treatment of the infection.
<h3>What is Staphylococcus?</h3>
This is an infection which is caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus
aureus with symptoms such as boils and skin infections.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) makes the infection
difficult to treat because of resistance to some antibiotics which is why
molecular methods for detection is important to use alternative treatments.
Read more about Staphylococcus here brainly.com/question/8050491
