Trail by ordeal was an ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused was determined by subjecting them to a painful, or at least unpleasant usually dangerous experience. The test was one of life or death, and the proof of innocence was survival. In some cases the accused was considered innocent if they escaped the injury or if their injuries healed.
The Homestead Act was a series of laws that were passed that allowed individuals and families to acquire federal land easily at little to no cost. This created an economic incentive for individuals to move Westward or to inhabit "empty" federal lands that had not been bought or were uncontrolled by other individuals. The goal was to create "homesteads" in uninhabited lands so that the lands would be populated by families and individuals.
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Muckrakers
During the Progressive Era in the United States from the 1890s - 1920s the progressive and open-minded journalists were called muckrakers. They would usually expose institutions and their leaders as corrupt. Sparking investigating journalism and they had big audiences in many magazines. Magazines were very important for them since they were not very expensive and were looking for talented writers.
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antipollution laws and local zoning laws
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