Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts to prevent blood flowing backwards into the atrium. Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and flows to the lungs.
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1. Convergent evolution - flying squirrel and flying phalanger. Convergent evolution is the process at which non monophyletic organisms, evolve similar traits. These traits are a result of adapting to similar environments but these organism still evolve them in different, independant ways.
2.Coevolution - bees and flowers. Coevolution is the process that takes place among organisms that take part in a mutual interaction during which both the organisms benefit one from another. For example: many flowers with short nectar tubes can die out, as well as well as the moths with short tongues until they meet each other and make pollination.
3. Divergent evolution - cichlid fishes. This type of evolution can be characterized as the accumulation of differences between groups that can form new species in a result of diffusion of the same ones from different environments. This process tends to block the gene flow among the distinct populations which also allows fixation of traits through genetic drift.
Various species of the flowering plant of the genus <em>Chrysanthemum </em>have 18, 36, 54, 72, and 90 chromosomes. The variation is likely due to polyploidy.
<h3>What is polyploidy?</h3>
Polyploidy can be defined as the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a given cell of an organism.
A diploid organism contains two complete sets of homo-logous chromosomes in its somatic cells.
Many organisms used polyploidy as an evolutionary strategy for adaptation to challenging environmental conditions.
Learn more about polyploidy here:
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Answer:
The correct answer is option d. "Polyclonal antibodies".
Explanation:
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is very useful in comparison to other immunoassay methods for being highly accurate, sensitive and specific. Polyclonal antibodies for the detection step could be used on order to ensure that a mutation in a single surface protein would not make obsolete an ELISA used to detect a new viral pathogen. Unlike monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies are a collection of antibodies that recognize multiple epitopes of the same antigen. Therefore, a mutation in one epitope that affects the binding of one antibody would not affect the bind of the others and the ELISA will be able to recognize the pathogen.
In a controlled experiment, an independent variable (the cause) is systematically manipulated and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled. The researcher can operationalize (i.e. define) the variables being studied so they can be objectivity measured.
