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vaieri [72.5K]
4 years ago
8

What conditions must be met before a specific pathogen is proved to cause a disease?

Biology
1 answer:
Pavlova-9 [17]4 years ago
4 0
The conditions that must be met before a specific pathogen is proved to cause a disease include; Pathogen must be present in every case in which the disease is found, pathogen must be isolated and grown outside the body in a pure culture, healthy animals infected with culture must develop the disease and finally the pathogen must be re-isolated and cultured from the newly sick animals and must be identical to the original pathogen. 
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One disadvantage that longer, more colorful tails have for peacocks.
Lesechka [4]
In danger, they cannot fly for a longer time unlike the other birds. Their long,heavy tails make it a bit difficult. However their flight lasts for some seconds .
8 0
3 years ago
Discuss the process of the chloride shift in both the respiratory and the digestive systems.
zhannawk [14.2K]

  Carbon dioxide is generated in tissues as a byproduct of normal metabolism. It dissolves in blood plasma to form carbonic acid (H2CO3); red blood cell (RBC) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes this reaction. Carbonic acid then spontaneously dissociates to form bicarbonate (HCO3−) and a hydrogen ion (H+). In response to the decrease in intracellular <span>pCO2</span>, more CO2 passively diffuses into the cell.

Cell membranes are generally impermeable to charged ions (i.e. H+, HCO3− ) but RBCs are able to exchange bicarbonate for chloride using the anion exchanger protein Band 3. Thus, the rise in intracellular bicarbonate leads to bicarbonate export and chloride intake. The term "chloride shift" refers to this exchange. Consequently, chloride concentration is lower in systemic venous blood than in systemic arterial blood: high venous pCO2 leads to bicarbonate production in RBCs, which then leaves the RBC in exchange for chloride coming in.<span>[2]</span>

3 0
3 years ago
Which statements accurately describe mass? Check all that apply.
Mazyrski [523]

Answer: mass is measured using balance

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7 0
3 years ago
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Ira Lisetskai [31]

Answer:

22. is a

23. is b

Explanation:

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hope this helps :) have a nice day !!

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5 0
3 years ago
← 10 Newtons + → 30 Newtons
madreJ [45]

Answer:

The net force will be →20 N.

Explanation:

Given data:

F  = 30 N

F = 10 N

ΣF = ?

Solution:

Formula:

ΣF = + F  - F

ΣF = 30 N - 10 N

ΣF = 20 N

The net force will be →20 N.

6 0
3 years ago
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