When he first sailed, he assumed he could find a quicker route to Asia if he sailed West. His discovery of North and South America hinged on the fact that he had no clue that they were there. As a result, when Columbus first arrived he thought he had arrived in the “indies”, which he later found out was not the case.
2 is monarchy, 3 is oligarcy, 4 is democracy, 5 is tyranny, 6 is monarchy i think, 7 democracy, 8 tyranny i believe and sorry if some of these are wrong.