If you remove one light bulb in a series, the other will go out because a series only goes through one path of electricity
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For example, pH can have an effect of the state of ionization of acidic or basic amino acids. Acidic amino acids have carboxyl functional groups in their side chains. Basic amino acids have amine functional groups in their side chains. If the state of ionization of amino acids in a protein is altered then the ionic bonds that help to determine the 3-D shape of the protein can be altered. This can lead to altered protein recognition or an enzyme might become inactive.
Changes in pH may not only affect the shape of an enzyme but it may also change the shape or charge properties of the substrate so that either the substrate connot bind to the active site or it cannot undergo catalysis.
In geneal enzyme have a pH optimum. However the optimum is not the same for each enzyme.
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the Cell Theory was give by German scientists, Schleiden and T.Shwan in 1839. It stated that,
- All organism are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the structural and functional unit of life
- It is a de novo structure, that means it COULD arise from non living thing which was incorrect.
It was corrected by the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow in 1855. He made a convincing case, corrected and added the third point of the cell theory. It is,
- Cells can arise only by a division of pre-existing cell. It is <u>NOT</u> a de novo structure.
Cell theory brought a great evolution in the field of biology which established the function of organism is the result of activities and interaction of the cell units.
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- <u>Flask 1</u>: It is observed that there are no micro-organism, this is because the meat is sealed and no micro-organism could enter through it.
- <u>Flask 2</u>: It is observed that there are micro-organism present because meat is not sealed but open.
- <u>Flask 3</u>: As the S tube is used, the micro-organism are not able to reach the meat because of the curvy path
These observations support the point that<u> cells could arise only by a division of pre-existing alive cells</u> because in Flask 1 when there were no micro-organism present so there was no organisms found so no micro-organism arised, In flask 3 the S tube was used so no micro-organism could reach the meat thus there were no organism there which could divide to reproduce. The flask 2 was open, so the micro organisms reached the meat so they divided which means Cells can only arise by a division of pre-existing cells.
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