It be like that sometimes
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RNA in cells differs from DNA in that it is single-stranded and can fold up into a variety of structures.
RNA is the abbreviation for RiboNucleic Acid. It is a biological molecule that fulfills an important role by copying the information stored in the DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) and transporting it to the different proteins by folding into different shapes. Its name come from a Ribose molecule that is present in this single-stranded molecule.
Viruses don't have DNA, only RNA. They only replicate in the host's cells by copying their own RNA information.
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1. The correct answer is: The viral envelope proteins interact with CD4 and a co-receptor on the cell membrane.
Binding and entering the host cell are the first steps of the HIV virus infection. So, these steps play a major role in determining the ability of HIV to degrade the human immune system. Binding of HIV to CD4+ T lymphocytes (express chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 called co-receptors) triggers the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, initiating infection (viral core gets into the cytoplasm).
Attachment of the virion can be:
• Nonspecific-envelop protein of the virus (Env) binds to cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans
• Specific-Env binds to integrin.
2. The correct answer is: Activation of the host cell by cytokines, growth factors, or antigens.
After the viral capsid enters the cell, single-stranded RNA genome is released from the attached viral proteins and copied it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule thanks to an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Next step is the integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome. This process is done by another viral enzyme called integrase. The integrated DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins that will help the package of new viruse particles.
3. The answer is: false
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template. Since the genome of the virus (HIV) is single stranded RNA, reverse transcriptase copies it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule. Thanks to this enzyme, formed cDNA can be integrated into host’s genome. Because of this proprety, antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection work as reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.
Correct option: <span>Place objects within the visual field
</span>An <span>ischemic stroke </span><span>in the left side of the brain caused hemianopia to this patient. Hemianopsia is a decreased vision or blindness, in this case, left half of the visual field.
Can also be caused by brain tumor and trauma.
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