The question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Question: Innate immunity:
a) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen.
b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
c) is found only in vertebrates
d) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen
Answer:
b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
Explanation:
Innate immunity is the nonspecific immune response that provides immediate and the most general protection against all types of pathogens, parasites, toxins and cancer cells. Innate immune responses serve to prevent the pathogens from entering the body. The components of innate immunity also rapidly destroy those pathogens that have entered the body.
Some of the components of innate immunity are the first line of defense such as the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes. The components of the second line of defense such as natural killer cells, phagocytes and inflammatory response are also involved in innate immune responses.
For example, cuticle or skin serves as a physical barrier to pathogens that come in contact with an animal’s body. Phagocytosis kills the bacteria that invade the body.
Please explain your question more specified
Answer:
I think the answer is John Locke
Explanation:
John Locke came up with the idea of the social contract, which allowed the government to govern the people, but in return the people could overturn the government if they were unsatisfied with the way the government was ran. This also adds on to John Locke's natural rights theory.
Answer:
Chains of amino acids make Proteins which fold to make a complex three dimensional shape.
The <u>adrenal gland</u> releases a torrent of hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine as the fight or flight response when a person is stressed or scared.
<h3>What are adrenal glands?</h3>
The adrenal glands are two small organs responsible for secreting hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline or noradrenaline into the bloodstream.
<h3>Characteristics of adrenal glands</h3>
- They are responsible for producing hormones that help regulate metabolism, the immune system, blood pressure, the response to stress and other essential functions.
- The main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which initiate the fight or flight response.
Therefore, we can conclude that the adrenal glands release certain hormones in response to stress, some of which are vital for survival.
Learn more about adrenal glands here: brainly.com/question/8947015
