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yKpoI14uk [10]
3 years ago
11

How electrochemical gradients and proton gradients are formed and function in cells

Biology
1 answer:
sp2606 [1]3 years ago
8 0

To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, the cell must utilize energy in the form of ATP during active transport. Primary active transport, which is directly dependent on ATP, moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge across that membrane.

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