Axons are long nerve processes which carry nerve impulses from the Soma to other neurons, they vary in length but can become almost as long as half of the human body.
The soma (body) of the neuron contains the nucleus which acts as the cell's control centre, these contain many small neurofibrils which project from the nucleus into the dendrites.
Dendrites are short, thick processes which branch out of the soma in a tree like manor. They conduct nerve impulses to the soma.
The three categories of neurons:
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons have the dendrites connected to receptors such as the eyes, ears etc. These receptors change the information they receive into electrical impulses that are transmitted to other neurons. In sensory neurons the axons are connected to other neurons.
Efferent (Motor) Neurons have the dendrites connected to other neurons, the axons are connected to effectors. Effectors are either glands or a muscle cell that is the receiving end of the nerve impulse. The nerve, when excited will cause the effector to react (move, contract, or secrete etc).
Internuncial Neurons have both the dendrites and the axons are connected to other neurons. They are sometimes referred to as connector neurons.
Internuncial neurons are found throughout the body, but especially in the spinal cord and brain.
Properties and characteristics of Neurons:
Normally the electrical impulses (messages) travel through a neuron in only one direction.
The axon may be surrounded by a 'coat' of lipids (fats) and proteins known as the myelin sheath which acts as an insulator.
Neurons are specialist cells that have lost the ability to reproduce themselves. Once the soma of a neuron has died the entire neuron dies, and can never be replaced.
Repair of damaged neurons only occurs in myelinated neurons.
white matter are coloured by myelin, consisting of many neurons supported by neuroglia.
grey matter is soma and dendrites or bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuralgia.
This article reviews 12 health benefits of meditation.
Reduces Stress. Stress reduction is one of the most common reasons people try meditation. ...
Controls Anxiety. ...
Promotes Emotional Health. ...
Enhances Self-Awareness. ...
Lengthens Attention Span. ...
May Reduce Age-Related Memory Loss. ...
Can Generate Kindness. ...
May Help Fight Addictions.
One exercise myth would be- if you do a lot of crunches you will have "six pack" abs. This is incorrect because if you have fat on your stomach, the crunches will create muscle not burn fat.
Another exercise myth- muscles turn to fat when you stop exercising. This myth is not plausible because muscles are almost impossible to go away. Your muscles have muscle memory which makes it extra hard to "forget"!
Last exercise myth- strength training makes women muscular and unfeminine. This is not possible because strength training tests your endurance not how much you can lift. However, lifting weights would give you muscles! <3
1. Identify activities that a 24 year old female can do to improve cardio respiratory function.
- The basic soccer endurance exercises that she can do are: running, interval training, squats and lunges.
Running is very important because it is essentially what a player does 90% of the game and it also helps breathing and blood circulation. Interval exercises on the other hand is the transition from moderately paced exercise to fast paced exercise. The basic example for this is the quick transition from slow jogging to sprinting in a period of time. Lastly, squats and lunges are important to build and tone the muscles in the thighs and legs which is necessary to be effective in kicking the ball around the field.
2. How long should these activities last?
-Running could last up to 60 minutes daily. The important thing is to pace yourself slowly at first and then gradually building up your speed so that your body can get accustomed to it.
Interval exercises can last up to 30 minutes. For example 30 seconds of slow jogging then 15 seconds of sprinting then rest for 30 seconds. Resume this cycle for 30 minutes.
Squats and Lunges are usually done at the end of the training at cool down in order for your leg muscles to relax and prevent sprains and painful stretches. Do each exercise observing proper form and posture for at least 1 minute each.
3. What specific heart rate range should be maintained during her workouts to achieve cardio respiratory benefits?
- For a normal 24 year old female, the ideal heart rate range to maintain is 60-100 beats per minute. When you experience difficulty in breathing, dizziness and fatigue, take a rest n between exercises.
