Pioneer species are found in area's undergoing secondary succession. For example ecosystems being established by: reducing a fire, deforestation; which quickly colonize open spaces supported by vegetation.
In my opinion the answer would be A.
Answer:
Alcohol fermentation or ethanol fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration by which organism (such as yeast) convert sugar such as glucose, sucrose et cetera into ethanol and carbon dioxide in order to produce energy. First, glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate by the process of glycolysis.
The diffusion of water through a cell membrane to reach dynamic equilibrium.
Answer:
All responses are correct
Explanation:
1- This process of chemical extraction produces release of toxins that are toxic to other life forms
2- Sponges are critical organisms in the nutrient cycles
3- Sponges provide habitat for other species (fish, crustaceans, etc)
4- Sponges have the ability to regenerate when they are separated into pieces
