Agriculture and trade:
New trade routes reached the Americas, India, and Far East Asia.
technology and innovation:
New technology such as the printing press, musical instruments such as the violin, wats to spread information such as newspapers, and arts like ballet. Realism and naturalism in art such as sculpting and painting.
politics and warfare:
Cultural movement in Italy and humanism causing political changes.
The Hundred Years’ War of France vs England for control of France, the War of the Roses Civil war in England over the throne, and the Italian wars with France vs Spain over control for Italian city states.
Because a lot states thought that their ratification of the
Constitution would rely on the creation of a bill of rights
The Monroe doctrine said that European colonization on American land was an act of aggression. So, of the choices you provided the second one is correct.<span />