The beneficial uses of bacterial toxins in medicine are more and more used lately. For example, Botulinum toxin is a toxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum which has paralytic effects (injection of this toxin into muscle relax specific muscles). Botulinum toxin accomplishes his effects on the neuromuscular junction where he prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach). Utilization of this toxin is in the treatment of various muscle spasms. It is also used in the treatment of migraines. Diphtheria toxin is also one of the toxins used for medical purposes for the treatment of cutaneous and non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphomas. <span>Some bacterial toxins can be used in the treatment of tumours. For example, immunotoxin, which is protein made by fusion of modified antibody and toxin.The antibody binds to an antigen on the target cell, the toxin then enters via endocytosis and kills the cell. Commonly used bacterial toxins in immunotoxins are Diphtheria toxin and the Pseudomonas exotoxin.</span>
Answer:
In the F1 generation
RR = 0%
Rr = 50% (or 0.5)
rr = 50% (or 0.5)
Explanation:
A pink flowering plant has the genotype Rr. It is heterozygous for the allele. The alleles for this gene appears to show incomplete dominance, as the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous genotypes.
A white flowering plant has the genotype rr. It is homozyogous for the white allele
A punnet square of the cross is shown.
The resulting punnet square shows that only Rr and rr genotypes are possible, at a ratio of 50:50 (or 1:1). Therefore, the genotype frequency of Rr is 50%, and rr is 50% in the F1 generation. This can also be written as 0.5. It is not possible to get a red plant, as the genotype RR can not come from this cross
The correct answer is HPA axis.
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the most important neuroendocrine systems, which regulates the stress response and other functions such as the digestion, mood, emotions and the immune system.
The hypothalamus, when triggered by a possible stressor, releases two hormones; the vasopressin and the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH, in turn, triggers the release of the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. As a result of the secretion of ACTH, cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, considered to be our body's stress hormone.
the answer is a because if the model is based on experimental data it wont be good unless it has been tested.
