Explanation:
2. distribution and abundance of organisms
3. speciation of plants
4. Antarctic convergence
Geographical isolation is the physical barrier dividing the communities. It usually stops the gene flow between species in a process called allopatric speciation, contributing to reproductive isolation.
Further Explanation:
Spontaneous modifications within the genome may arise during the cycle of cell division, called mutations. These errors occur as copies of the DNA are produced within the cell; mutations may range from small modifications, called single nucleotide polymorphisms, to large-scale deletions and multi-gene additions.
These mutations form variants which, within a population, become stable, resulting in the formation of separate, genetically distinct populations called species. Apart from allopatric speciation, new species arise through several other evolutionary mechanisms such as:
- peripatric speciation— like allopatric speciation, however, one group is much smaller, making the unique characteristics more notable, or distinct
- parapatric speciation— sub-populations in a large geographic region develop reproductive isolation by mating with those nearby, but continue to undergo reproductive isolation;
- sympatric speciation-absence of physical barriers that impede the passage of genes; reproductive segregation by many variants of the same genes called polymorphisms
Learn more about mutations at brainly.com/question/4602376
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