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There are two types of errors: random and systematic. Random error occurs due to chance. ... Random error may be caused by slight fluctuations in an instrument, the environment, or the way a measurement is read, that do not cause the same error every time. In order to address random error, scientists utilized replication.
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Mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs at a constant rate throughout history. Thus, each different base in Mitochondrial DNA is able to show just how long ago the 2 species diverged from each other.
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Ans.
Sickle-cell disorder is a genetic disorder, which shows defected red blood cells, due to mutation in the genes for hemoglobin protein.
Malaria is common in sub-Saharan Africa region and there, natural selection favored gene for sickle cells, because it might be beneficial to people having sickle cell disease that makes them able to survive in such condition and transmit their genes to offspring.
On the other hand, in those Africans, who moved to United States, where malaria is uncommon or absent, natural selection favored normal, wild type genes, resulting in fewer people with defected sickle cell.
Hence, sub-Saharan African population shows higher percentage of mutated gene for sickle cell as compared to population of United States.
Thus, the evolutionary process behind this difference is 'natural selection.'
Plasma membrane has lots of phospholipids. It is also called phospholipid bilayer
Answer:
The primary organisms involved in the process of <u>(</u><u>b</u><u>.</u><u>)</u><u> </u><u>d</u><u>e</u><u>c</u><u>a</u><u>y</u> are bacteria and fungi.