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I believe the answer to 1. is B, and Grare decisis means substantially the same. Basically based on a court's previous decision in a case, that same decision can be carried out and used in any future cases.
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wrong website friend. you can find smart people elsewhere though.
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Congress may either threaten to defund the SEC through cutting or even eliminating its budget, or it can dissolve the agency.
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The United States secretary of defense (SecDef) is the head of the United States Department of Defense.
The positivist thesis does not say that law’s merits are unintelligible, unimportant, or peripheral to the philosophy of law. It says that they do not determine whether laws or legal systems exist. Whether a society has a legal system depends on the presence of certain structures of governance, not on the extent to which it satisfies ideals of justice, democracy, or the rule of law. What laws are in force in that system depends on what social standards its officials recognize as authoritative; for example, legislative enactments, judicial decisions, or social customs. The fact that a policy would be just, wise, efficient, or prudent is never sufficient reason for thinking that it is actually the law, and the fact that it is unjust, unwise, inefficient or imprudent is never sufficient reason for doubting it. According to positivism, law is a matter of what has been posited (ordered, decided, practiced, tolerated, etc.). Austin thought the thesis “simple and glaring”. While it is probably the dominant view among analytically inclined philosophers of law, it is also the subject of competing interpretations together with persistent criticisms and misunderstandings.
