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seropon [69]
4 years ago
7

Epinephrine initiates a signal transduction pathways that produces cyclic AMP (cAMP) and leads to the breakdown of glycogen to g

lucose, a major source of energy for cells. Glycogen breakdown is only part of the flight-or-fight response that epinephrine brings about because the overall effect on the body includes an increase in heart rate and alertness, as well as a burst of energy. Given that caffeine blocks the activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase, this suggests that caffeine blocks the epinephrine pathway that was just described.
Propose a mechanism by which caffeine ingestion leads to heightened alertness and sleeplessness.
Biology
1 answer:
vladimir1956 [14]4 years ago
8 0

Answer:

The ability of caffeine to inhibit adenosine receptors, plays a very important role in heightened alertness and sleeplessness.

Explanation:

"<em><u>Caffeine</u></em>" (<em>1,3,7-trimethylxanthine</em>) is an alkaloid obtained from plants. It has a chemical formula of C8H10N4O2.

Caffeine is generally <em>hydrophillic</em> but sufficiently <em>lipophilic</em> to pass through all biological membranes and readily cross the blood-brain barrier.

Therefore can bind with the adenosine receptors. Due to the blocking of adenosine inhibitory effects through its receptors held by paraxanthine and caffeine, it indirectly affects the release of <u>norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, glutamate</u> e.t.c.

The release of the above-mentioned hormones have a great impact on the heightened alertness of the body, especially <em>dopamine</em> and <em>serotonin</em>.

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mixer [17]

The equation for density is:


D=\frac{m}{V}


where the mass is in grams and the volume is in cm^{3}.


We are given 4,000 kilograms, and we know that there are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram, so we need to multiply to convert to grams:


4,000*1,000=4,000,000g


We are also given 0.5 m^{3}, and we need to convert to cm^{3}. We know that there are 100 cm in 1 m, and since we are talking about cubic volume, we must also raise 100 to the 3rd power: 100^{3}=1,000,000cm. So now we know that there are 1,000,000 cm^{3} in 1 m^{3}. We need to then multiply 1,000,000 cm by 0.5 in order to find the volume that was given in the question:


1,000,000*0.5=500,000cm^{3}


So now that we have the correct units, let's plug them into the equation:


D=\frac{4,000,000g}{500,000cm^{3}}


D=\frac{8g}{cm^{3}}


So now we know that the density is 8g/cubic centimeter.

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