The three phases of signal transduction is (1) reception, (2) transduction, and (3) response. Reception involves the binding of a ligand, may it be a hormone or a neurotransmitter; to a receptor, may it be a membrane receptor, cytosolic receptor, or a nuclear receptor. After binding of the ligand to the receptor, there will be signal transduction of events that will ultimately form a response. For instance, insulin actin on the insulin receptor will trigger a series of events that will increase the transcription of the gene translating for glucose transporters and ultimately, increase the number of glucose transporters embedded in the cell membrane leading to increased glucose uptake in tissues.
The genes for sex-linked disorders are found on a sex chromosome, but the genes for other inherited genetic disorders are found on other chromosomes.
<span>Water molecules connect to hydrogen bonds.</span>
Inhibitory neurotransmitters such as glycine and GABA make a postsynaptic cell harder to depolarize by allowing "an influx of Cl-".
<u>Explanation:</u>
The neurotransmitters which have inhibitory influence on the neuron are termed as "Inhibitory neurotransmitters". The major inhibitory neurotransmitters involve serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain and brain stem (spinal cord) respectively.
GABA uptake is temperature and ion-dependent as require both 
and 
. Even glycine transporters are also members of the large family of 
dependent neurotransmitter transporters. Both of them with the GABA transporters share approximately 50% sequence identity.
