A stimulus change in the environment that temporarily alters the reinforcing properties of a stimulus; and temporarily alters the probability that a person/organism will engage in behavior that in the past, produced that stimulus is called a(n) Motivating Operation.
Jack Michael first proposed the behaviorist idea of motivating operation in 1982. It serves to illustrate how different behaviors have different impacts and consequences. Most significantly, a motivating operation influences how severely the individual will be rewarded or punished as a result of their actions.
The incentives that support or oppose particular behavior are known as motivating operations. They serve to increase or decrease the reinforcement value. It might affect how effective an occasion or stimulus is in serving as a reinforcer. A motivating action has two separate results: The effect of changing values. a decline in a stimulus' capacity to serve as a reinforcer (increase or decrease). Behavior-Changing Impact.
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It was a vital commercial and military trail.
With immense forces and they pushed through to gain territory
Answer:
A) Central executive
Explanation:
According to the studies of Baddeley, the central executive “is responsible for monitoring and coordinating the operations of the slave system". The Central Executive is the one who receives the information of what is happening in the surroundings (and the activities that are happening) and decides which information goes to the memory and which are dealt. It helps give priority to the activities that are happening. It can be said that it focuses more in controlling processes rather than storing memory. In conclusion, we could say that it helps planning and controlling the subsytems.
Other things held constant, if the expected inflation rate DECREASES, and investors also become MORE risk averse, the Security Market Line would shift in<u> have a steeper slope </u>manner.
<h3>What is the Security Market Line (SML)?</h3>
The security market line (SML) is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It gives the market’s expected return at different levels of systematic or market risk. It is also called the ‘characteristic line’ where the x-axis represents the asset’s beta or risk, and the y-axis represents the expected return.
<u>Security Market Line Equation</u>
The Equation is as follows:
SML: E(Ri) = Rf + βi [E(RM) – Rf]
In the above security market line formula:
- E(Ri) is the expected return on the security.
- Rf is the risk-free rate and represents the y-intercept of the SML.
- βi is a non-diversifiable or systematic risk. It is the most crucial factor in SML. We will discuss this in detail in this article.
- E(RM) is expected to return on market portfolio M.
- E(RM) – Rf is known as Market Risk Premium.
<u>Characteristics of the Security Market Line (SML) are as below:</u>
- SML is a good representation of investment opportunity cost, which combines the risk-free asset and the market portfolio.
- Zero-beta security or zero-beta portfolio has an expected return on the portfolio, which is equal to the risk-free rate.
- The slope of the Security Market Line is determined by the market risk premium, which is: (E(RM) – Rf). Higher the market risk premium steeper the slope and vice-versa
- All the assets which are correctly priced are represented on SML.
- The assets above the SML are undervalued as they give a higher expected return for a given amount of risk.
- The assets below the SML are overvalued as they have lower expected returns for the same amount of risk.
Therefore, we can conclude that the correct option is A.
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