Answer: Damascus and Baghdad.
Explanation:
During the Middle Ages, they were the most essential two centers of the Arab world. According to many historians, between the seventh and the tenth centuries, they were the largest and most developed centers of the world. A high culture and civilization developed in these cities. The development of science and the arts that were among the major segments of the development of the Arab Empire was impressive. The Abbasids moved the 750th capital of the empire from Damascus to Baghdad, which thus became the center of Islamic culture and science.
Under the leadership of Abbasid, Islamic civilization inherited and assimilated the traditions and achievements of many cultures. An incredibly rich culture flourished in the cities, with Baghdad, Cordoba leading, and Cairo. The rise of Islamic civilization was attended by all the nations that are lived under the rule of Islam, including Jews and Christians. Later, the capital was moved to Baghdad and destroyed by the Mongols. Because these were the two largest cities, the most significant number of people lived in them.
Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
Answer: <em>Socioemotional selectivity theory</em>
Explanation:
Socioemotional selectivity theory which was developed by Laura L. Carstensen, is considered as a life-span theory(motivation). The theory tends to maintain that as the time passes, as an individual typically grows with time, people tend to become selective, also investing more resources in goals that tend to be emotionally meaningful. In accordance with this theory, the motivational shifts tends to influence the cognitive processing.
Answer:
Conflict theorists and functionalists.
Explanation:
Conflict theorists:
Conflict theory is the perspective of social psychologists. It worked on the method of analysis. It is a critical comment on social arrangements of the society Conflict theories are attracting the attention of the power of differentials and this type of conflict found in the class called class conflicts.
Functionalist:
This is also called a functionalist perspective. It is Emile Durkheim's perspective. She was interested in the order of the society and stability of society.
