Answer:
$164,313.82
Explanation:
In this question we have to apply the present value formula i.e to be shown in the attachment
Provided that,  
Future value = $0
Rate of interest = 9%
NPER = 20 years
PMT = $18,000
The formula is shown below:
= -PV(Rate;NPER;PMT;FV;type)
So, after applying the above formula the present value is $164,313.82
 
        
             
        
        
        
Marginal productivity theory assumes that a worker’s income is a function of the contribution of that worker to the value of the output. in business, this is called the "value-added" approach.
There is a correct theory called marginal productivity theory. Wages are paid at a level equal to the marginal revenue product of labor, the MRP (value of the marginal product of labor). MRP is the increase in income caused by the increase in output produced by the last employed worker.
The marginal productivity theory of income distribution proposes that each individual should receive income based on their contribution to total output. The marginal productivity theory of income distribution has been criticized for the following reasons. Income from inheritance is inconsistent with the theory.
 Learn more about Marginal revenue here: brainly.com/question/13617399
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Answer: They are personal consumption, business investment, government spending, and net exports.
Explanation:
 
        
             
        
        
        
Accord According to the California Insurance Code, any individual who unwilfully takes part in an out of line strategy for rivalry is obligated to the state for a fine of up to $5,000 per infringement. In the event that the demonstration is resolved to be headstrong, the fine won't surpass $10,000 per act.
        
             
        
        
        
True caffeine and other energy boosters can be used to effectively compensate for fatigue.