The correct answer is that readers <span>receive so many routine messages that it is hard to catch their attention.
The main challenge is to create an imaginative message which will stand out from the crowd of other similar messages and attract the readers' attention. It is important to draw their attention to your message if you want to promote it and them to be interested in what you have to say.
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Confraternities are laypeople who dedicated themselves to strict religious observance.
<h3>Who are confraternities?</h3>
Confraternities were corporate organizations present in a number of religious traditions that centered laypeople's charity and devotional activities on the concept of ritual kinship. They had between a dozen and a hundred members and were present in almost every urban area as well as many rural communities. Nearly 20% of the people in Antwerp in the middle of the seventeenth century belonged to a brotherhood, a figure common in other European cities. Venice had 120 confraternities in around 1500 and 387 by around 1700. A confraternity was present in nearly every rural village in Spain, where a 1771 government census counted 25,038 brotherhoods, and in 70% of the rural parishes in Trier by the late eighteenth century.
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Congress and the Judiciary Act of 1789<span>
When the First Congress turned to the organization of the judicial branch, much of the debate centered on whether to establish lower federal courts or to rely on existing state courts to exercise federal jurisdiction. Advocates of a strong central government thought a national system of federal courts was an essential requirement for energetic government. Other members of Congress, recalling the colonial experience under British rule, thought that justice was best served by courts tied to local communities. Those who were suspicious of the concentration of national power wanted to grant state courts authority to hear all cases involving federal law or to limit local federal courts to admiralty and maritime law. The judiciary act approved in September 1789 established a federal court system with broad jurisdiction, but the act reserved a significant role for state courts and guaranteed that the diversity of legal traditions throughout the country would be recognized in the local federal courts.
The Judiciary Act of 1789 established three types of federal courts. The Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associate justices, would meet twice a year in the nation’s capital and hear appeals from lower federal courts and from the state supreme courts. The Supreme Court would also exercise the limited original jurisdiction defined by the Constitution. In each state and in Kentucky and Maine (then parts of other states), a district court with a single judge would have exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases involving admiralty and maritime law and conduct trials of minor federal crimes. The district courts shared with the state courts jurisdiction over small suits brought by the United States.
The most important federal cases would be initiated in the third type of court, called circuit courts, which would convene in the same judicial districts in which the district courts met. The circuit courts had no judges of their own, but were served by two Supreme Court justices and the local district judge. (Congress soon revised the law to require only one justice on each circuit court.) Congress grouped the judicial districts into regional circuits for the purpose of assigning justices to serve on the circuit courts within that region. The circuit courts would hear some appeals from the district courts, but they were primarily trial courts. The circuit courts had exclusive jurisdiction over serious federal crimes and shared with the state courts jurisdiction over suits involving disputes above a certain monetary value, suits involving the U.S. government, and suits between citizens of different states.
Congress protected distinctive state legal traditions by drawing the judicial districts to coincide with state boundaries and by providing for the use of the respective state’s rules for most district and circuit court proceedings and for the selection of federal juries. Perhaps most important for protection of regional legal cultures, the assignment of “circuit riding” duties for Supreme Court justices ensured that the judges on the nation’s highest court would learn about local legal procedures and would interact with citizens at the point where cases entered the federal judicial system. The Judiciary Act also promoted a local orientation of the lower courts by requiring district judges to live in the district where they served. In response to widespread concerns that defendants in federal trials would be forced to appear in distant courts, the Judiciary Act required civil trials to be held in the district in which a defendant was served with a writ and trials involving the death penalty to be held in the county where the crime occurred.
I hope all this helps I am taking judicial law in school .
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Answer:
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Answer:
B. The government could reduce corporate tax rates for service and retail companies.
Explanation:
The accumulation of technological capital and knowledge are considered factors that generate increase in the productivity of firms and the economy as a whole. Thus, all policies that encourage the training of labor, as well as the technological development of firms are considered policies conducive to economic growth. Scholarships, patent incentives, and research support fit this type of incentive. However, the mere reduction of fees charged by firms cannot be considered an incentive policy from the perspective of growth theory that considers the accumulation of knowledge as the main aspect of development. Tax reduction is a simple tax policy aimed at increasing firms' competitiveness and increasing sales, but it is not associated with the process of scientific and technological development, as it does not involve the diffusion of knowledge.
