Answer:
(b) is used in Traceroute
(d) is used by Ping
Explanation:
ICMP is the short form of Internet Control Message Protocol. It is a protocol used by networking devices such as routers to perform network diagnostics and management. Since it is a messaging protocol, it is used for sending network error messages and operations information. A typical message could be;
i. Requested service is not available
ii. Host could not be reached
ICMP does not use ports. Rather it uses types and codes. Some of the most common types are <em>echo request</em> and <em>echo reply.</em>
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Traceroute - which is a diagnostic tool - uses some messages available in ICMP (such as <em>Time Exceeded</em>) to trace a network route.
Ping - which is an administrative tool for identifying whether a host is reachable or not - also uses ICMP. The ping sends ICMP <em>echo request </em>packets to the host and then waits for an ICMP <em>echo reply</em> from the host.
ICMP is not required to solve NAT traversal problem neither does it have a new version in IPV6.
