Explanation:
<u>anaerobic process that restores NAD+ supply
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Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors:
- - a lack of inorganic, final electron acceptors
- -incomplete or lack of a complete electron transport system
- -missing genes for enzymes within the Kreb's cycle
Thus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.
Further Explanation:
overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate( through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
Oxidative phosphorylation describes a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2)
- The Citric acid or Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
- The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.
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Answer:
1) the genes and chromosomes do not double after each generations because parental sex cells are haploid and only contain one set of chromosomes. During fertilization the two cells fuse to form a diploid zygote with two copies of genes and chromosomes. For example a normal human has 46 chromosomes (2 copies of 23 chromosomes) during reproduction gametes which contain 23 chromosomes (haploid) fuse to form an offspring with the correct number of chromosomes ( 23 + 23 = 46).
2) offspring only receive one set of chromosomes from each parent so to maintain the chromosome number of humans. If this did not happen you would not be the same species.
Answer:
Trees
Explanation:
because they can be replanted.
Answer:
9
Explanation:
Number of electrons = Number of protons = 9
When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from the antibody having at least two binding regions.
What's the function of the antibody-antigen complex?
Antibodies serve two primary functions: selective binding to antigens to initiate an immune response and activation of other immune system components to combat infections.
- Immunoglobulins' capacity to combat a wide range of diseases is based on their inherent ability to distinguish between distinct antigens.
- Because of their antigen specificity and affinity, antibodies have shown to be a significant and important tool in research, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Although it appears to be a straightforward move, the connection of an antibody and its antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex is made up of a plethora of non-covalent interactions.
Hence, the correct answer is option A
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