Hey there! I'm happy to help!
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<h3><u>MICRO</u></h3>Micro is most likely referring to <u>microtones</u>, which are frequencies between two common notes (for example, a tone in between C and C#). Microtonal music can be produced digitally or could be executed by two instruments which are tuned to slightly different frequencies. This provides a very interesting effect and allows for musical exploration of these different notes.
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<h3><u>BINARY</u></h3>Binary form is a musical form that usually involves <u>two sections</u>: A and B. These sections are related in some way and strung together into the same piece, but they are usually in <u>different keys</u>. It is normally structured AB, ending with the B section. This form was more commonly used during the <em>baroque</em> and <em>classical</em> periods of music.
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<h3><u>TERNARY</u></h3>Ternary form is a musical form that involves <u>three sections.</u><em> </em>The most common structure here is ABA, with an opening section, a middle section, and a closing section. In sonatas, these are referred to as <u>exposition</u>, <u>development,</u> and <u>recapitulation</u>.
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<h3><u>RONDO</u></h3>A rondo is a form of music that is based around a <u>theme</u>, and this theme is constantly returned to. This can also happen to multiple themes. It is normally in a 7-part form (ABACABA). This shows that you can have other themes repeated (B is repeated twice, A repeated 4 times). The C section is usually longer and can contain variations on the other themes, but it is normally in a contrasting style.
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<h3><u>TWELVE-BAR BLUES</u></h3>This is one of the most famous <u>chord progressions in blues music</u>. Usually the way this music is performed is a melody is written over the initial 12 bars which is played by a musical group, it is repeated, and then different instruments improvise over those 12 chords, accompanied by the rhythm instruments (piano, drums, bass guitar, etc.). This chord progression usually goes (I, I, I, I, IV, IV, I, I, V, V, I I), where I is the tonic, IV is the subdominant, and V is the dominant).
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<h3><u>STROPHIC</u></h3>Strophic music is music that is <u>the same</u>. For example, singing a nursery rhyme, a religious hymn, or a song like "99 bottles of beer on the wall" is using strophic form because the same melody or musical idea is repeated over and over again with different verses.
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<h3><u>THROUGH-COMPOSED</u></h3>This is the <u>opposite of strophic music.</u> Each verse in this case has a different melody or some sort of variation on it that makes it not the exact same every single time.
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<h3><u>THEME AND VARIATON</u></h3>This is a musical form that <u>exposes a theme</u> and then goes through many <u>different variations on that main melody</u>. Different variations include a different key, a different rhythm, there could be lots of ornamentation around it, it could be made a different part (alto, with a new soprano voice), etc. All of these different variations could be combined into one piece.
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<h3><u>INTRODUCTION</u></h3>The introduction is music that comes <u>before the theme or main melody</u>. It could be a single note leading into it, a whole flourish of arpeggios, dramatic chords, scales, or anything to hook you into the piece.
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<h3><u>BRIDGE</u></h3>A bridge is music that serves as a transition between different melodies, ideas, or themes. For example an arpeggio, chromatic scale, or a build up of notes can all serve as a transition. Bridges can be very amazing and grand or they can be very simple.
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<h3><u>CODA</u></h3>A coda is an ending section of a piece. They act as a last hurrah for the piece. They tie up the piece and conclude it. These can have similar elements to a bridge but they lead to the final chord and not another theme, for example.
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Have a wonderful day and keep on learning! :D