Upon a Spider Catching is a poem whose main objective is to talk about the power of God to save us from the traps that the devil traps us to make us sin. In this poem the reference to Adam is an allusion to the will and power of God in freeing humanity from sin and taking it away from the devil's will.
Colloquial speech is the linguistic style for casual communication. Basically informal speech, or speech you’d use while talking to friends or someone your age.