Answer: D
. Their rulers claimed power by virtue of protecting Dar al-Islam from European invasion
Explanation:
There is no map attached however, based on a related question, I have reason to believe that the dynasties being described are the Mughal and Ottoman empires.
These empires were both chiefly Muslims and they claimed rulership over vast areas of land and insisted that they were doing so to spread the words of the Prophet Muhammad and to protect the lands of Islam from takeover by the Europeans and other religions.
All of these statements about the enlightment and acient scholars are correct except the last one
There was peace with the traders enemys and teh traders bought provisions
Around 40% of fish species live in fresh water ecosystems