Strict constructionists interpret constitutional statements strictly. That means they want the words of the constitution to be put into practice with close attention to the original intent of the constitutional protections that were put in place. Since the 14th Amendment calls for "equal protection of the laws" for all citizens in respect to all their rights as citizens, Brown v. Board applied this to education and insisted equal rights could not be abridged or infringed upon in regard to educational facilities in any state of the Union.
<em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</em>, decided by the US Supreme Court in 1954, ruled that all Americans are entitled to the same civil liberties and protections in regard to access to education. Until that decision, it was legal to segregate schools according to race, so that black students could not attend the same schools as white students. An older Supreme Court decision, <em>Plessy v. Ferguson </em>(1896), had said that separate, segregated public facilities were acceptable as long as the facilities offered were equal in quality. In the case of <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>, that standard was challenged and defeated. Segregation was shown to create inequality, and the Supreme Court unanimously ruled segregation to be unconstitutional.
The 14th Amendment was being violated by states whose laws supported the segregation of schools. The full context of Section 1 of the 14th Amendment reads as follows:
- <em>All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.</em>
Answer:
Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck intentionally started a war with Austria and won.
<span>It was the sole religious power in Europe.</span>
It was the Truman Doctrine.
The Iron Curtain was the metaphorical barrier that seemed to split the Eastern Bloc from Western Europe. It was first mentioned by Churchill. The Berlin Wall was the physical embodiment of this "Curtain" that was constructed by the USSR to prevent Eastern Europeans from migrating. The Marshall Plan sent $13 billion to European nations to help them rebuild after WWII. The Truman Doctrine was specifically put in place to contain communism by aiding nations that were "at risk" so they would not turn to communism to solve their problems.
During which century did the empire constructed by Charlemagne become permanently divided among his descendants?
D)9th century
