History was a driving force behind such migration, since humans tended to move to new territory when they lacked food, shelter, or other resources--meaning that most of the conflicts throughout history have been driven by the same forces that drove migration out of Africa.
They wanted to stop it because they thought it would be bad for the economy.
According to the National Archives, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison. His decision expanded the powers of the Supreme Court by establishing its right to overturn acts by the president, Congress and states if the acts violated the Constitution. With this decision, Chief Justice Marshall added judicial review to the governmental system of "checks and balances."
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The Black Death killed 38 million people, it was a terrible illness which spread rapidly.
The Great Schism was in 1054 and the Christian church broke up into two sections, which essentially divided the Church with two popes.
I would say that trade would be "believed to travel to Europe because of this", because it would not really fit anywhere else.
Now, I'm not two sure on the last one but the Hundred Years War was where King Edward the III of England thought that he should be the king of France, so there was a very long battle between the two. I would say the Hundred Years War would be started by division of the heir to the throne of England, and France and Italy did not agree who was to be pope. Since the Hundred Years War had really nothing to do with Italy.