Answer:
B. people prefer certain outcomes to uncertain outcomes even when the expected value of the uncertain outcome is higher.
Explanation:
The certainty effect indicates that people tend to prefer safe results to risk, that is, they overvalue the certainty of winning something, even smaller. In other words, the certainty effect represents a situation where people faced with two possibilities prefer the one that will happen for sure, even though the other possibility may have a better outcome.
Answer:
D, Bounded Rationality
Explanation:
According to my research on different decision making processes and terminology, I can say that based on the information provided within the question the term being described is called Bounded Rationality. This is the idea that rationality is limited when individuals make decisions because they are easily influenced, their minds are still developing, and because of the time limit in which the decision needs to be made. As an effect of rationality being limited young people make haste decisions which many times can lead to them becoming pioneers in a certain area.
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I believe this is called short term goal making. Are you able to give more context? The question is a bit vague.
I believe the correct answer is diffusion of responsibility.
According to Darley and Latane, what might happen in such a case is diffusion of responsibility. This means that these bystanders will believe that someone else will call for help, so that they don't have to do it. However, if everyone thinks this way, ultimately no one will help the woman in danger.
