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dusya [7]
3 years ago
8

Provide a few examples of how cryptography actually secures data.

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
Anestetic [448]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

Symmetric, asymmetric and one-way hash cryptography.

Explanation:

Cryptography is a way of protecting data information and communication, using encryption keys and is only decrypted when it gets to the intended receiver.

There are three ways of which cryptography can be used to protect data. They are;

1. Symmetric cryptography

2. Asymmetric cryptography

3. One-way hash cryptography

Symmetric cryptography requires for one key to be used to encrypt and decrypt information. Asymmetric cryptography requires two keys, private and public keys that are mathematically related to encrypt and decrypt information. Both must be used together to encrypt and decrypt data.

One way hash uses an algorithm to convert a random length data to a fixed length encrypted data.

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Create a Binary Expressions Tree Class and create a menu driven programyour program should be able to read multiple expressions
solong [7]

Answer:

Explanation:

Program:

#include<iostream>

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

//check for operator

bool isOperator(char c)

{

switch(c)

{

case '+': case '-': case '/': case '*': case '^':

return true;

}

return false;

}

//Converter class

class Converter

{

private:

string str;

public:

//constructor

Converter(string s):str(s){}

//convert from infix to postfix expression

string toPostFix(string str)

{

stack <char> as;

int i, pre1, pre2;

string result="";

as.push('(');

str = str + ")";

for (i = 0; i < str.size(); i++)

{

char ch = str[i];

if(ch==' ') continue;

if (ch == '(')

as.push(ch);

else if (ch == ')')

{

while (as.size() != 0 && as.top() != '('){

result = result + as.top() + " ";

as.pop();

}

as.pop();

}

else if(isOperator(ch))

{

while (as.size() != 0 && as.top() != '(')

{

pre1 = precedence(ch);

pre2 = precedence(as.top());

if (pre2 >= pre1){

result = result + as.top() + " ";

as.pop();

}

else break;

}

as.push(ch);

}

else

{

result = result + ch;

}

}

while(as.size() != 0 && as.top() != '(') {

result += as.top() + " ";

as.pop();

}

return result;

}

//return the precedence of an operator

int precedence(char ch)

{

int choice = 0;

switch (ch) {

case '+':

choice = 0;

break;

case '-':

choice = 0;

break;

case '*':

choice = 1;

break;

case '/':

choice = 1;

break;

case '^':

choice = 2;

default:

choice = -999;

}

return choice;

}

};

//Node class

class Node

{

public:

string element;

Node *leftChild;

Node *rightChild;

//constructors

Node (string s):element(s),leftChild(nullptr),rightChild(nullptr) {}

Node (string s, Node* l, Node* r):element(s),leftChild(l),rightChild(r) {}

};

//ExpressionTree class

class ExpressionTree

{

public:

//expression tree construction

Node* covert(string postfix)

{

stack <Node*> stk;

Node *t = nullptr;

for(int i=0; i<postfix.size(); i++)

{

if(postfix[i]==' ') continue;

string s(1, postfix[i]);

t = new Node(s);

if(!isOperator(postfix[i]))

{

stk.push(t);

}

else

{

Node *r = nullptr, *l = nullptr;

if(!stk.empty()){

r = stk.top();

stk.pop();

}

if(!stk.empty()){

l = stk.top();

stk.pop();

}

t->leftChild = l;

t->rightChild = r;

stk.push(t);

}

}

return stk.top();

}

//inorder traversal

void infix(Node *root)

{

if(root!=nullptr)

{

cout<< "(";

infix(root->leftChild);

cout<<root->element;

infix(root->rightChild);

cout<<")";

}

}

//postorder traversal

void postfix(Node *root)

{

if(root!=nullptr)

{

postfix(root->leftChild);

postfix(root->rightChild);

cout << root->element << " ";

}

}

//preorder traversal

void prefix(Node *root)

{

if(root!=nullptr)

{

cout<< root->element << " ";

prefix(root->leftChild);

prefix(root->rightChild);

}

}

};

//main method

int main()

{

string infix;

cout<<"Enter the expression: ";

cin >> infix;

Converter conv(infix);

string postfix = conv.toPostFix(infix);

cout<<"Postfix Expression: " << postfix<<endl;

if(postfix == "")

{

cout<<"Invalid expression";

return 1;

}

ExpressionTree etree;

Node *root = etree.covert(postfix);

cout<<"Infix: ";

etree.infix(root);

cout<<endl;

cout<<"Prefix: ";

etree.prefix(root);

cout<<endl;

cout<< "Postfix: ";

etree.postfix(root);

cout<<endl;

return 0;

}

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Answer:

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Explanation:

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