Answer:
1. pulmonary diffusion, cardiac output, and blood volume and flow
2. muscle diffusion capacity, and capillary density
3. Kravitz and Dalleck believe that both the central and peripheral limitations limit VO2max, although the relative importance of each component is being discussed, researched and debated.
4. The lactate threshold refers to the intensity of exercise at which point there is an abrupt increase in blood lactate levels resulting in the exercising muscles to become fatigued.
5. Exercise economy can be defined as the oxygen consumption that is required by the body to perform a given exercise.
Explanation:
1. The central limitation of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) refers to the limitations of the cardiovascular system to transport oxygen to the exercising muscles.
The three central limitations to aerobic capacity are:
- pulmonary diffusion,
- cardiac output, and
- blood volume and flow
2. Peripheral limitations refers to those factors which limit the ability of exercising muscles to extract and utilize oxygen, which has been transported by the cardiovascular system.
Two of these limitations include:
- muscle diffusion capacity, and
- capillary density
3. Kravitz and Dalleck believe that both the central and peripheral limitations limit VO2max, although the relative importance of each component is being discussed, researched and debated.
4. The lactate threshold refers to the intensity of exercise at which point there is an abrupt increase in blood lactate levels resulting in the exercising muscles to become fatigued.
In untrained endurance athletes, the lactate threshold occurs at between 50 - 60 % VO2max, whereas it increases to between 70 - 90 % in well-trained endurance athletes.
5. Exercise economy can be defined as the oxygen consumption that is required by the body to perform a given exercise.
