Gideon V. Wainwright ( 1963)
Clarance Earl Gideon was accused of entering a bar and stealing money in Panama, Florida, so the police arrested him and put him in jail. At his trial, Gideon could not afford a lawyer and asked the judge to assign one. The judge resufed, and had to represent himself in court. Gideon was convicted and sentenced to five years in prision. During his sentence, he studied laws and sent a petition to the supreme court alleging that he had not been assigned a lawyer. In 1963, the supreme court ruled unanimously in favor of gideon.
The amendment to the constitution challenged in this case is the proportion of defense lawyers when the defendant does not have enough money to pay for it. In Gideon case the judge told him that Florida only provided attorneys to indigent defendants charged with crimes that might result in the death penalty if they were found guilty.
The impact that it generated is that the Constitution requieres states to provide defense lawyers for those accused of criminal offenses who commit serious crimes and who can not afford the lawyers themselves.
Answer:
The Russian Civil War of 1917-20 was closely related to the World War in terms of its cause, conduct, and results. This article discusses the two distinct phases of the Civil War, which were divided by the collapse of the Central Powers. It examines the appearance of competing centres of power, the attempt of those centres to mobilize support, and the ultimate victory of the Communists.
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Arranged in chronological order, with dates:
- The assassination of Franz Ferdinand - June, 1914
- Germany invaded Belgium - August, 1914
- The sinking of the Lusitania - May, 1915
- The Sussex pledge - May, 1916
- The Zimmerman telegraph - sent in January, 1917
- US declaration of war on Germany and Central Powers - April, 1917
Explanation/details:
- When Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914 by Serbian nationalists, the reactions by the Austrian and Serbian governments kicked into gear various alliances that had been made. Russia stood ready to protect Serbia. Germany sided with Austria over against Russia. Before long the whole affair plunged Europe into war, pulling the other nations into the conflict in support of prewar alliances they had made.
- The military plans laid before World War I presupposed a major war between the countries which were tied together with alliances. Because the Triple Entente had Britain, France and Russia as allies, Germany thought if a war began it would need to fight on two fronts -- west and east. So German Field Marshall Alfred von Schlieffen drew up war plans that said attack France first, quickly, and then hold that territory while deploying forces to contend with Russia in the east. So when Germany declared war on Russia in 1914, the first thing it did was to invade Belgium on its way to atacking France. Thus the war spread and became instantly a more global conflict.
- Public outrage in the US against the Germans swept the nation following the sinking of the British ocean liner, <em>Lusitania,</em> which had happened in May, 1915. When a German U-boat (submarine) sank the <em>Lusitania</em>, over 1,000 persons were killed, including more than 100 Americans. The passenger liner was targeted by the Germans because they suspected weapons were being shipped to Britain in the cargo hold of the ship. After the <em>Sussex, </em>a French passenger ferry, was sunk in 1916, the US demanded and got a promise from Germany to stop their unrestricted submarine attacks. Germany managed to stave off American entry into the war at that time by the Sussex Pledge. But two years, later, beginning February 1, 1917, the Germans resumed such attacks. This poised America to go to war.
- British intellegence intercepted and decoded a telegram (known as the "Zimmermann Telegram") that showed Germany was trying to secure Mexico as an ally against the United States. The revelation of this plan inflamed feelings in the United States. The telegram was sent in January, 1917. In March, 1917, German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann admitted the telegram was, in fact, sent by his office.
- In April, 1917, the US declared war on Germany in response to the German's submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram.
Answer:
Volcanic eruptions can impact climate change through emitting volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide, which causes global cooling, and volcanic carbon dioxide, which has the potential to promote global warming.
Explanation:
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A
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Visual aids bring the research report more interest, making the message easy to retain. Visual aids can enhance almost every aspect of a research report.
