Answer:
1. Weaker
2. Continuous
Explanation:
A tumor suppressor gene codes for retinoblastoma protein (pRb). The retinoblastoma protein binds to transcription factor E2F when DNA damage is detected. The E2F bound to pRb can not stimulate expression of genes that code for proteins required during the process of DNA synthesis. The cell can not enter the S phase.
On the other hand, when the retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated by cyclin E-CDK2, E2F transcription factor is free to stimulate the expression of genes required for DNA synthesis and the cell proceeds from G1 to S phase.
When the mutated retinoblastoma gene code for a protein that serves as phosphorylated protein, it will not be able to bind strongly with E2F and there would be continuous expression of genes required for S phase.
Answer:
The glucose conversion to PYRUVATE opens anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways. VITAMIN B NIACIN in its role as a coenzyme during glycolysis, escorts hydrogen and electrons to the electron transport chain and the TCA cycle. In the Cori cycle, the release of energy from ATP converts lactate to glucose and returns the glucose molecule to the muscles through the process of Anaerobic Glycolysis.
Explanation:
In metabolism, glycolysis is defined as the splitting of the glucose molecule to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. It is the first main metabolic pathway in cellular respiration for the production of energy in form of ATP(Adenosine triphosphate).
In most cells, cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. This is known as AEROBIC RESPIRATION which produces the largest number of ATP. Energy can also be gotten by breaking down of glucose in the complete absence of oxygen. This is known as ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION.
The next stage in the degradation of glucose is a two step conversion of the two pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis into two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A( acetyl - CoA). This occurs in the TCA( tricarboxylic acid) or Krebs cycle.
VITAMIN B NIACIN in its role as a coenzyme during glycolysis, escorts hydrogen and electrons to the electron transport chain and the TCA cycle. Coenzyme A is a derivative of vitamin B which combines with pyruvic acid to form acetyl CoA , 2 molecules of carbon dioxide and 4 molecules of hydrogen in TCA cycle.
In Cori Cycle, (which is also called Lactic acid cycle), energy released from ATP is used to convert lactate to glucose. This is to prevent increased lactic acid in the blood during anaerobic conditions in the muscles.
<span>There are three RNAs with a role in the synthesis of protein.</span>
mRNA, or messenger RNA, is the link between a gene and a protein. The main role of this ribonucleic acid is in transcription (”reading“) of DNA. The DNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase, and the resulting product of this process is mRNA. This form of RNA can be modified post-transcriptionally with methylguanosine caps and polyadenosine tails. RNA carries the genetic information which is copied from DNA and the information has a form of three-base code (“words”), codons. Each of these codons specifies a particular amino acid.
tRNA or transfer RNA is the molecule with the main function in translation by "decoding" the mRNA message during this process. Each type of amino acid has its own type of tRNA and also has a three-base sequence (anticodon) that can bind complementary with the codons in the mRNA.
rRNA or ribosomal RNA is a main component of ribosomes. rRNA associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes which catalyze the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains (protein).
<span>There are also a few more types of RNA which have a regulatory function like, microRNA or siRNA.</span>
Answer:
Greenhouse gases absorb radiation from the EARTH and reradiate back toward the EARTHwhich help to maintain a normal temperature range in the Earth.
Explanation:
Greenhouse gases are gases that are capable to of absorbing infrared radiations that are emitted from the Earth's surface and reradiating back to the Earth which contributed to the greenhouse effects. Examples of greenhouse gases are carbondioxide, methane and water vapour. Others are ozones, flourinated gases, nitrous oxides e.t.c.
The green house gases has lead to climate changes in the Earth by trapping heat, the contribute to respiratory diseases by smog and air pollution. Greenhouse gases concentrations are high during warm seasons and low during cold seasons.
