Answer:
The prolonged electrical depolarization of cardiac muscle cells -that occurs during contraction- is due primarily to the persistent influx of calcium ion
Explanation:
The action potential of the heart muscle is longer with respect to skeletal muscle (around 300 milliseconds), and this is due to the activity of calcium (Ca⁺⁺ ) in the intracellular compartment.
The initial depolarization of cardiac muscle fiber depends on the entry of sodium (Na⁺) into the cell. However, for the action potential to occur and be maintained, Ca⁺⁺ must increase its cytoplasmic levels, which depends on:
- The increase in intracellular sodium induces the release of Ca⁺⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Calcium entry from the extracellular space through the voltage dependent Ca⁺⁺ channels.
- The entry of extracellular Ca⁺⁺ causes the release of more Ca⁺⁺ ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, further increasing its intracellular concentration.
This is how the ion that guarantees the duration of the action potential of the cardiac muscle cell is the Ca⁺⁺.
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Calcium, sodium and cardiac muscle cells brainly.com/question/4473795
Answer:
c = Enzymatic activity
e = Attachment to ECM and cytoskeleton
f = Signal reception and relay
g = Transport
h = Intercellular junctions
i = Cell-cell recognition
a = Phospholipid bilayer
b = Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM)
d = Microfilaments of cytoskeletons
Explanation:
c) Enzymatic activity is an indication of the amount of active enzymes present to increase a reaction rate
e) Attachment to ECM and cytoskeleton is enabled by integrins that take signals from the ECM and control signaling pathways of the cell
f) Signal reception and relay is the transduction of signal
g) Transport is the movement of matter in and out of the cell through the cell membrane
h) Intercellular junctions are the contact regions between adjacent cells and plasma membrane
i) Cell-cell recognition is power of the cell to decipher the different neighboring cells in the cell's environment
a) Phospholipid bilayer consists of a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior
b) Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) are ECM associated the cell
d) Microfilaments of cytoskeletons consist of actin and aid in cellular movement.
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