Answer:
The main competing reaction when a primary alkyl halide is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide is SN2 substitution.
Explanation:
The relative percentage of products of the reaction between an alkyl halide and alcoholic potassium hydroxide generally depends on the structure of the primary alkylhalide. The attacking nucleophile/base in this reaction is the alkoxide ion. Substitution by SN2 mechanism is a major competing reaction in the elimination reaction intended.
A more branched alkyl halide will yield an alkene product due to steric hindrance, similarly, a good nucleophile such as the alkoxide ion may favour SN2 substitution over the intended elimination (E2) reaction.
Both SN2 and E2 are concerted reaction mechanisms. They do not depend on the formation of a carbocation intermediate. Primary alkyl halides generally experience less steric hindrance in the transition state and do not form stable carbocations hence they cannot undergo E1 or SN1 reactions.
SN2 substitution cannot occur in a tertiary alkyl halides because the stability of tertiary carbocations favours the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The formation of this carbocation intermediate will lead to an SN1 or E1 mechanism. SN2 reactions is never observed for a tertiary alkyl halide due to steric crowding of the transition state. Also, with strong bases such as the alkoxide ion, elimination becomes the main reaction of tertiary alkyl halides.
Answer :
is reduced species.
is oxidized species.
is oxidizing agent.
is reducing agent.
Explanation :
Redox reaction or Oxidation-reduction reaction : It is defined as the reaction in which the oxidation and reduction reaction takes place simultaneously.
Oxidation reaction : It is defined as the reaction in which a substance looses its electrons. In this, oxidation state of an element increases. Or we can say that in oxidation, the loss of electrons takes place.
Reduction reaction : It is defined as the reaction in which a substance gains electrons. In this, oxidation state of an element decreases. Or we can say that in reduction, the gain of electrons takes place.
Reducing agent : It is defined as the agent which helps the other substance to reduce and itself gets oxidized. Thus, it will undergo oxidation reaction.
Oxidizing agent : It is defined as the agent which helps the other substance to oxidize and itself gets reduced. Thus, it will undergo reduction reaction.
The balanced redox reaction is :
The half oxidation-reduction reactions are:
Oxidation reaction : 
Reduction reaction : 
From this we conclude that the 
is the reducing agent that loses an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction and itself gets oxidized and 
is the oxidizing agent that gain an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction and itself gets reduced.
Thus, is reduced species.
is oxidized species.
is oxidizing agent.
is reducing agent.
H-1 only has 1 proton and 1 electron, so its mass number is 1.
H-2 has one more neutron so its mass number is 2
H-3 has one more neutron than H-2 so its mass number will be 3.
average atomic mass = 1 x 99% + 2 x 0.8% + 3 x 0.2%
=1.012
Answer:
12.66 L
Explanation:
- Used combined gas law formula
- Change C to K
- Rearrange formula to fit your values
- If you would like further explanation or want to learn how to do these please let me know. Hope this helped!
