<u>How did the Union's victory strengthen the federal government</u>? The war demonstrated that the federal government would not tolerate states acting on their own (by making the Union more powerful than the other states). A stronger central government is more effective (the Union's victory), and the federal government owned the south for years after that to help rebuild from the civil war (giving them more power over the south). It also freed millions of African-Americans.
<em>States rights were largely made irrelevant, and the federal government took on powers forbidden by the Constitution.</em>
Constantinople was surrounded on all sides by a defensive wall and was well supplied, making it resistant to sieges. The Ottomans were only able to capture the city due to one of the city gates being left slightly ajar, allowing them to quickly bypass the wall and overrun the defenders.
Explanation:
SILK ROAD NETWORK The Silk Roads continued to focus on luxury items such as silk and other items whose weight to value ratio was low. In the post-classical age, however, the Silk Roads diffused important technologies such as paper-making and gunpowder. Continuing a phenomenon from the classical age, they would also spread disease; the Black Death would spread from Asia to Western Europe along Silk Road and maritime routes eventually killing about one third of the people there. Despite these continuities, the Silk Road network would be transformed by cultural, technological and political developments. By 600 C.E., the classical empires of China, India and Rome had all crashed. Silk Road trade declined with them. The rise of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate would invigorate trade along the Silk Roads once again. Sharia law, which gave protection to merchants, was established across the Dar al-Islam. Indian, Armenian, Christian and Jewish merchants alike took advantage of Muslim legal protection.[2] Courts and Islamic jurists called qadis presided over legal and trade disputes. All of this enabled trade by decreasing the risks associated with commerce. A more important boost to Silk Road trade in this era was the rise of the Mongol Empire. The Mongols defeated the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 and the vast Pax Mongolica soon placed the majority of the Silk Roads under one administrative empire. Merchants were more likely to experience safe travel.[3] The Mongol code of law, known as the Yassa, imposed strict punishments on those disturbing trade.[4] The rule of the Mongols in central Asia coincided with the peak of Silk Road trade between 600 and 1450 C.E..
The second one I think it is
