Answer:
<u>Vertical Linkages </u>
Explanation:
A linkage refers to a connect between two parts. In the organizational context, it refers to communication and coherence between different departments and levels.
Vertical linkage refers to the chain of command and assignment of responsibilities by top level management, vertically downwards to the lower level or operational level management.
Such a chain serves as a mode of communication and as means coordination within an organization.
Activities are performed and tasks are executed by the lower level management, which are consistent and in alignment with the top level management goals. The employees at lower level update their progress to the top level w.r.t the extent goals and targets have been met.
An organization may create such linkages via rules of hierarchy, creation of levels or establishment of formal system of management.
So during adverse times, such a linkage helps since, everybody is aware in advance what they are supposed to do and there is no ambiguity.
Answer:
A common rule of thumb for budgeting for charitable donations uses the concept of the 50/30/20 split for your budget. The other portion is for your wants: About 30 percent of your budget goes into this category, which might include vacations, gifts, or date nights.
In an ethnographic study of black and white working-class men, Deirdre Royster (2003) found that the job market was Not fair and not meritocratic
Explanation:
Deirdre Royster has put this popular wisdom to a test – revealing the subtleties and inequalities of a place of work in the Race and the Invisible Hand which favour the white person looking for jobs above the black one.
Royster is finding a reference in the stories of 25 black and 25 white men from the same vocational school who were looking for work on the same blue collar job market in the beginning of the 1990's.
Having carefully studied the professional successes, work ethics and values of Black men in the sense of particular deprivations, her research shows that young black and white men are the main differences— access to connections that are very relevant in job searches and admission.
