<span>B) A movement advocating for a Jewish homeland</span>
When people are united by common history and culture, they belong to a "nation" although this is not technically the case. Many people from different backgrounds and cultures can be part of a nation.
The church
enlightenment ideas and the scientific revolution mostly challenged the institution of the church and the state governments. The church was purposefully wounded by the scientific revolution such that most early scientists who contradicted popular church Cosmo-notions were labelled heretics and ex-communicated from the church.
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