It has been challenging to develop methods for outer-membrane(OM) isolation from <em>Leptospira</em> species and other spirochetes due to their distinctive design and a lack of sensitive cytoplasmic membrane indicators.
Spirochetes have an OM and a cytoplasmic membrane, which are divided by a periplasmic space, just like enteric gram-negative bacteria.The leptospiral OM contains a significant amount of LPS, and the leptospiral surface is dominated by its polysaccharides.
LipL32, LipL36, and LipL41 are three lipoproteins from the leptospiral OM.
Since LipL32 is an immunodominant antigen during human leptospirosis, it is recognized to be the most prominent protein in the leptospiral protein profile. OmpL1 and LipL41 together offer synergistic immunoprotection. LipL41 is a surface-exposed lipoprotein.
To learn more about <em>Leptospira </em>click here
brainly.com/question/15283919
#SPJ4
Number 1 ,3 and 4 are the answers
good luck
The correct option is (B) The embryo undergoes radial and indeterminate cleavage.
<h3>
What are nine-banded Armadillos?</h3>
- Despite being endemic to the Southeast of the United States, nine-banded armadillos have been steadily expanding their range northward for more than a century.
- They favor warm, humid climates with woodland or grassland settings for their homes. 9-banded armadillos almost always give birth to four identical quadruplets.
- The young are extremely vulnerable to predators when they are born since their shell has not yet hardened.
Learn more about the Armadillos with the help of the given link:
brainly.com/question/17315197
#SPJ4
Answer:
The diencephalon consist of the thalamus and hypothalamus
Answer:
The correct answer is c) opsonins
Explanation:
Opsonization is a process in which proteins like antibodies and complement proteins called opsonins bind to the antigens and get it recognized by the phagocyted which destroys the antigen.
Especially when bacteria is having external capsule than it becomes difficult for phagocytes to attach to the capsular surface as the recognition molecule like membrane carbohydrate of antigen is concealed by capsule.
So to encounter this, antibodies like IgG and complement proteins like C3b attaches to the antigen and get it recognized and opsonized by the phagocytes like macrophages. This opsonization causes the destruction of antigen by enzymatic lysis.
