3) dogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to a learned response called conditioning
Explanation:
Ivan Pavlov, was a Russian physiologist and psychologist. Pavlov's original observations were simple. If food or certain diluted acids are put in the muzzle of a hungry dog, it begins to secrete a flow of saliva from certain glands. This is the reflection of salivation, but that is not all. Pavlov observed that the animal also salivated when the food had not yet reached the snout: the food simply seen and touched provoked a similar response. In addition, the dog salivaba before the mere presence of the person who usually approached him food or any other stimulus that systematically announced. This led Pavlov to develop an experimental method to study the acquisition of new stimulus-response connections. Undoubtedly, those he had observed in his dogs could not be innate or connatural of this kind of animal, so he concluded that they should be learned (in their terms, conditional). The first step, when this experiment is carried out, is to familiarize the dog with the experimental situation that it will live, until it shows signs of alteration, especially when the harness is placed and left alone in an isolated room. A small opening or fissure is made in the dog's jaw, next to the duct of one of the salivary glands. Then, a tube (cannula) of glass is placed so that the saliva comes out of it at the moment when the salivary gland is activated. The saliva goes to a glass container with graduation marks, to facilitate its quantification.
The correct answer is 3) dogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to a learned response called conditioning.
To study behavior, Ivan Pavlov used dogs for a study that proved to be extremely important. In this experiment, Pavlov would ring a bell and then immediately reward dogs with food. He did this several times in order to reinforce the idea that every time the bell rang, the dog would receive food. This reinforcement practice made it so that the dog associated the bell with food, causing it to salivate. Ultimately, Pavlov learned that ringing this best would cause dogs to salivate, even if no food was present immediately afterwards.
As the disappearance of the otters, the diet of the glaucous-winged gulls change from eating fishto consuming invertebres mainly. When Otters disappear, kelp is also disappear and that leads to the disappearance of kelp fish. Due to survival of the fittest, glaucous-winged gulls have to switch their diet to mainly invertebres.
The term "Hessians" refers to the approximately 30,000 German troops hired by the British to help fight during the American Revolution. They were principally drawn from the German state of Hesse-Cassel, although soldiers from other German states also saw action in America.
