The answer is either a or c
Neural control of GFR is mediated by Sympathetic neurons that innervate alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing Vasoconstriction.
<h3>How is GFR regulated?</h3>
- The sympathetic division of the nervous system regulates the GFR or Glomerular Filtration Rate.
- GFR is the sum total of filtration rates of all the working nephrons in the kidney.
- Sympathetic division comes into action when the mean arterial pressure is very low (below 80mmHg).
- In response to low blood pressure, the medulla releases norepinephrine through sympathetic nerves.
- Norepinephrine leads to activation of alpha receptors on arteries which cause vasoconstriction.
- Alpha receptors are more abundant on afferent arterioles.
- This leads to vasoconstriction (narrowing) of arteries supplying to the glomerulus.
- This decreases blood flow to glomerulus, leading to decrease in GFR.
Learn more about Glomerular Filtration Rate here:
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<h3><u>Answer;</u></h3>
756 mm Hg
<h3><u>Explanation;</u></h3>
- Intrapleural pressure is the pressure of the air within the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleurae. This pressure changes during different phases of breathing.
- <em><u>Due to certain characteristics of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure is always lower than, or negative to, the intra-alveolar pressure. It remains approximately –4 mm Hg throughout the breathing cycle.</u></em>
- <em><u>Therefore; if the intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm hg then the intrapleural pressure will be (760 -4) mm Hg, that is 756 mm Hg</u></em>
Answer:
The structure of proteins is complex and unique, and only specific molecules can interact with their surface features. The natural shape of each protein is termed the native state. When proteins are exposed to heat, acid, or alcohol, their shape is disrupted and they become nonfunctional or denatured.
Explanation:
Physical agents such as heat, and chemicals such as alcohol and acids cause protein denaturation, that is, a loss of the spatial conformation and structure of the proteins and with this their functionality. Depending on the intensity of the event there may be total loss of function. The three-dimensional structure of a protein is basic for the protein to perform its function correctly.
