Antimicrobial agents active <span>against mycobacteria have to be administered for months or years rather than the typical 10-30 days prescribed to treat other infections because mycobacteria reproduce very slowly.
So, over the period of time that mycobacteria reproduce, antimicrobial agents have to be taken so as to prevent these mycrobacteria from invading the body completely. Once their reproduction is completely prevented, antimicrobial agents don't have to be administered anymore.
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Examples would be: global warming, acid rain, air pollution, urban sprawl, waste disposal, ozone layer depletion, water pollution, climate change and many more affect every human, animal, and nation on this planet.
There are lots of location that mechanical digestion occurs. But 2 common locations of mechanical breakdown of food (or physical digestion) occur in the mouth and in the duodenum.
Mechanical breakdown of food does not require enzymes, which is different from chemical digestion. Usually, the main function of mechanical digestion is to help speed up the chemical digestion later, usually by increasing the surface area of the food.
In the mouth, we chew the food. This can help increase the amount of surface area of the food we ate so that later on, the chemical digestion that requires enzymes such as amylase or protease will speed up. More enzymes can contact the food.
In duodenum, bile that are produced from the liver helps emulsify fats and lipids into small oil droplets. Again, this action can also help increase the surface area of the lipids so that the digestion of lipids with enzyme lipase would be more efficient. Note that bile is important because only enzyme lipase can digest lipids in the duodenum, so if bile is not produced, fats are hardly digested.
Other types of mechanical digestion may include the churning in stomach, or the squeezing of food in the oesophagus (peristalsis).
<span>Functional traits can be shared between organisms with divergent SSU rRNA sequences because functional traits may evolve independently, be shared through horizontal gene transfer, or be lost in divergent lineages.
Functional traits are characteristics that define our behavior.
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