I'd say d. The religious freedoms because of,
"Traditionally, Isabella has been regarded as the living symbol of the religious awakening in Spain, but an examination of the letters exchanged between the king and the queen shows that they acted in perfect accord, moved by the same fanatical urge."
Answer: theory/concept of natural state.
Explanation: Modern times (in philosophy usually associated with René Descartes, who died in 1650, i.e. times when so-called modern philosophy was initiated) mark the beginning of non-religious explanation of society. It means that social philosophers no more refer to Bible and Biblical mythology as their primary resource. Instead of that they work with the fiction of "natural state". These theories are usually called theories of natural state and within these concept one can find not only concept of human nature (as a part of modern philosophical anthropology) but also so called "natural rights" of men. It is especially Locke and Hobbes that mark that period in this respect, but also bit younger Jean Jacques Rousseau.
The Corpis juris (or luris) civilid is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, Issued from 529 to 534 by order of justinian I, Eastern roman emperor
I think I answered this earlier, so I copied my answer from earlier:
The Hawley-Smoot raised tariffs on many imported goods. Many American trading partners retaliated, making the Great Depression worst then it already was.
