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Snow and ice cover less of the Earth's surface as a result of melting due to an increase in global temperature, which also lowers albedo. More energy is absorbed due to the decrease in albedo, which leads to increased warmth and melting.
Global temperature is significantly influenced by the equilibrium between the amount of solar energy reflected and absorbed by the Earth's surface. Snow, ice, and water on Earth have different capacities to reflect and absorb solar energy, and melting polar ice triggers a positive feedback loop that hastens global warming.
Pollution, including soot, decreases the albedo of ice and speeds up melting.
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A caldera is a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses. During a volcanic eruption, magma present in the magma chamber underneath the volcano is expelled, often forcefully. When the magma chamber empties, the support that the magma had provided inside the chamber disappears.