The research error described above is an example of selection bias.
Selection bias takes place when, from a population of interest, a group of individuals is selected in order to construct a sample but without a proper randomization. The result is a sample which is not representative of the underlying population.
According to the example, the target population of the research comprises all students but the sample only includes boys. Hence, selection has not been random because it followed a gender criteria, and the results obtained using it cannot be applicable to the whole population because they are affected by a selection bias.
The following is missing for the question to be complete:
Rehearsing
Selective expectation
Selective memory
Active listening
Answer: Selective expectation
Explanation: Selective expectation refers to the psychological cognitive bias that makes one perceive what they want or think they need to perceive. In other words, what someone expects to be the outcome of his action, such as Eric, affects his perception of Sara. This means that what Eric biases to happen if he wants to talk to Sara about his problems and difficulties in the workplace, determines his perception of Sara, meaning in Eric's opinion that Sara won't want or have the time to listen to him. However, apart from the biased expectation of determining someone's, say Eric's, observations, they are influenced by the degree to which something stands out. If Sara is often unable to deal with employees' problems because of a job that works, then it is visible and highlighted as something that will determine one's, Eric's, perception of her more often as a manager who is uninterested in employee problems, than a manager is stuck business.
Perhaps, if Eric would approach his problems decisively and eloquently, and without any expectation in advance, but only with a determined attitude to present his problems, Sara as a top manager would probably listen to him.
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